@Article{CarvalhoSantFariSilv:2013:PhFoDi,
               author = "Carvalho, Luiz Max Fagundes de and Santos, Leonardo Bacelar Lima 
                         and Faria, Nuno Rodrigues and Silveira, Waldemir de Castro",
          affiliation = "Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PANAFTOSA) – PAHO/WHO, 
                         Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center 
                         (PANAFTOSA) – PAHO/WHO, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil and Department 
                         of Microbiology and Immunology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 
                         Leuven, Belgium",
                title = "Phylogeography of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in 
                         Ecuador",
              journal = "Infection, Genetics and Evolution",
                 year = "2013",
               volume = "13",
                pages = "76–88",
             keywords = "foot-and-mouth disease virus, phylogeography, molecular 
                         epidemiology, Ecuador.",
             abstract = "Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the causative agent of the 
                         most important disease of domestic cattle, foot-and-mouth disease. 
                         In Ecuador, FMDV is maintained at an endemic state, with sporadic 
                         outbreaks. To unravel the tempo and mode of FMDV spread within the 
                         country we conducted a Bayesian phylogeographic analysis using a 
                         continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) to model the diffusion of FMDV 
                         between Ecuadorian provinces. We implement this framework through 
                         Markov chain Monte Carlo available in the BEAST package to study 
                         90 FMDV serotype O isolates from 17 provinces in the period 
                         20022010. The Bayesian approach also allowed us to test hypotheses 
                         on the mechanisms of viral spread by incorporating environmental 
                         and epidemiological data in our prior distributions and perform 
                         Bayesian model selection. Our analyses suggest an intense flow of 
                         viral strains throughout the country that is possibly coupled to 
                         animal movements and ecological factors, since most of inferred 
                         viral spread routes were in Coast and Highland regions. Moreover, 
                         our results suggest that both short- and long-range spread occur 
                         within Ecuador. The province of Esmeraldas, in the border with 
                         Colombia and where most animal commerce is done, was found to be 
                         the most probable origin of the circulating strains, pointing to a 
                         transboundary behavior of FMDV in South America. These findings 
                         suggest that uncontrolled animal movements can create a favorable 
                         environment for FMDV maintenance and pose a serious threat to 
                         control programmes. Also, we show that phylogeographic modeling 
                         can be a powerful tool in unraveling the spatial dynamics of 
                         viruses and potentially in controlling the spread of these 
                         pathogens.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.016",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.016",
                 issn = "1567-1348",
                label = "self-archiving-INPE-MCTI-GOV-BR",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "1-s2.0-S1567134812002857-main.pdf",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.016",
        urlaccessdate = "12 maio 2024"
}